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Date: October 20-24 2008
Venue: Pacifico Yokohama (Yokohama, Japan)
Program draft by Hiroyuki MATSUDA
All programs are uploaded on the official site
Titles and abstracts of other sessions: see the official site
Related subsessions of other sessions
Session 7: Biodiversity and Management （Japanese) 7d, 7e
- 7a. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management of Salmonids
Salmonid populations (Family SALMONIDAE) face increasing pressures from
a multitude of human impacts, including global warming zand climate change
risks, over-fishing, exotic species spread, habitat loss, negative effects
of aquaculture and hatchery programs, and higher levels of recreational
fishing. In this subsession, we will outline issues of global warming and
climate change, risk and benefit of aquaculture and hatchery programs,
the influence of exotic species on native species and ecosystems in the
freshwater environment, anthropogenic habitat change, and habitat rehabilitation
for salmonid fishes. We will then address the framework of sustainable
fisheries management and biodiversity conservation based on the aquatic
ecosystem approach.
- 7b. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species
Cetacean stocks have been managed internationally since establishment of
the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1948. For the first two decades
stock management by the Blue Whale Unit (BWU) management system had failed
to conserve many cetacean stocks. However the new management procedure
(NMP) which incorporated MSY concept and adopted by IWC in 1975, largely
improved the conservation and manage of cetacean stocks. To synchronize
worldwide conservation trends on cetaceans, the IWC adopted a moratorium
decision on commercial whaling 1982. The moratorium on cetacean harvest
was a politically enforced decision rather than a decision based on scientific
reasons. The moratorium decision lead to further development of the stock
management technique and the IWC Scientific Committee developed and agreed
to the revised management procedure (RMP). The RMP was adopted by IWC in
1994. The RMP is an example of an adaptive management program, which incorporates
feedback from research results to catch limit algorithms. The RMP is very
robust to uncertainty in stock information such that lower accuracy in
information generates lower catch limits. While commercial whaling based
on the RMP has not started, the IWC/SC continues implementation of RMP
trials to check performance for targeted stock and species. This subsession
reviews current activities of the RMP operations and points out scientific
problems facing the RMP, especially in comparison to the international
or regional stock management of tunas. Discussions at this subsession will
contribute to general understanding of performance of adaptive management
of fisheries stocks
- 7c. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries
To achieve sustainable fisheries in the world, it is essential to determine
the genetic differences in aquatic organisms . In this sub-session, we
deal with genetic concepts and discuss the roles of the phylogenetic and
population genetic studies in production and conservation of fisheries.
Actual states of the genetic studies on mollusca, crustacean, echinoderm
and vertebrates will be discussed.
- 7d. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services
Marine ecosystems can be heavily affected by fisheries, climate change
and other human impacts. As United Nations Millennium Ecosystem assessments
reported, the average trophic level of landed fishes has shifted from higher
trophic level to lower trophic levels (“fishing down the food web”) and
the average depth of fishing has increased. In addition there is evidence
of a marked decline in abundance of large predatory fish. However, the
consequences of such human impacts on whole food web structure and ecosystem
functioning are still unclear. More information on trophic cascades and
the role of biodiversity on ecosystem services to evaluate human effects
are needed. The main aim of this subsession is to investigate assessment
of biodiversity in marine ecosystems and human impact on ecosystem services.
- 7e. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management
The majority of fisheries management techniques are still based on harvest
control of target species. However, an ecosystem approach in fisheries
management has been widely accepted as being required to insure sustainable
fisheries. There are several sub-themes within this session: we will discuss
case studies of ecosystem-based management and habitat management of marine
protected areas and other marine parks: assessments of conservation efforts
on marine ecosystems and habitats including coral reefs, seagrass beds
and estuaries, evaluation of the gaps between the written management program
and actual performance of fisheries, and efforts to monitor illegal, unreported
and unregulated (IUU) fisheries. This subsession also welcomes contribution
of voluntary efforts towards fisheries management by fishermen and other
stakeholders (co-management).
- 7f Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis
The focus of this session is to bring attention to the largely ignored
plight of inland fisheries. In the developed world, recreational anglers
through their demands for non-native fisheries and high rates of harvest
have completely altered ecosystems. In the developing world, the main animal
protein is tilapia and other inland food resources and we're rapidly converting
many waterways into aquaculture. With the global emphasis on marine fisheries,
we generally do not have a broad understanding of the importance of inland
fisheries and how aquatic ecosystems have been modified to accommodate
these fisheries. This session will emphasize three elements: 1) the impact
of inland recreational fisheries; 2) inland local and artisinal fisheries
3) inland aquaculture and its effects on aquatic ecosystems.
- 7g Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management
The signatories to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), discusses current status of several
fish species. The European Union (EU) proposed the European eel for inclusion
on the CITES list.. The EU proposal requests that the European eel be covered
by CITES regulations. The stock of the European eel has declined abruptly
since 1970’s and this decline is believed to be as a result of over-fishing.
Declines in European eels caused concern in Japan because large numbers
of the European eel are exported to Japan via China. Similarly, in the
Pacific Ocean, stock of the Japanese eel is also declining. In this sub-session,
we discuss recent circumstances surrounding eel stocks around the world,
ecological comparison of the Japanese and European eels, and future prospect
of sustainable stock management of these important fishery species.
- 7h. Fish Welfare in Fisheries
The welfare of fishes, what this means, whether human activities compromise
it and, if so, what if anything should be done about it are complex, important
and controversial topics. They have already been the subject of considerable
debate in the context of aquaculture and recreational fisheries.
In both cases, there are still many conflicting interests and many areas
of uncertainty and disagreement. However, there is also sufficient consensus
to underpin constructive discussion of strategies and guidelines for the
responsible, welfare-friendly use of fish in aquaculture and angling. To
date, little attention has been paid to the welfare of fish in the context
of commercial fisheries, although such attention will surely come and the
industry should be prepared for it. The aim of this subsession is to open
up debate, exchanging thoughts and hopefully identify a way forward, drawing
on the experience gained in discussion of aquaculture and recreational
fisheries. For details, please visit http://www.fsbi.org.uk
第５回世界水産学会議 世界の福祉と環境保護のための水産業
セッション7「生物多様性と管理」 サブセッション日本語要旨
- 7-1. サケ科魚類の生物多様性保全と持続的資源管理
サケ科魚類は，前世紀以来，さまざまな人為的インパクトを受けている。このサブセッションでは，サケ科魚類に及ぼす地球温暖化と気候変動リスク，乱獲，増養殖の功罪，外来種の影響のほか，生息環境の回復などについて水圏生態系における生物多様性の保全とサケ科魚類の持続可能な資源管理について考える。
- 7-2. 鯨類とほかの海洋生物の順応的管理
鯨類資源は1948年に国際捕鯨委員会（IWC)が設立されてから国際的に管理されてきた。鯨類保護の国際世論の高まりから、1982年に商業捕鯨のモラトリアムが実施され、IWCは科学委員会が提案した不確実性を考慮した改定管理方式（RMP)を1994年に採択した。RMPは順応的取組みの典型例であり、捕獲枠決定アルゴリズムなどのフィードバック制御を含み、不確実性に対しきわめて頑健である。このサブセッションではRMPに関する最近の発展を踏まえ、マグロ類や他の海洋生物の順応的管理との比較を議論し、海洋資源の順応的管理の一般的有効性を議論する。
- 7-3. 種多様性、遺伝的多様性と漁業の保全
世界の漁業を持続可能にするために、生物資源の生態とともにその遺伝状態を把握することはますます重要になりつつある。このサブセッションでは、遺伝資源管理の考え方、漁業における生産と保全の両立を図るために、特に軟体動物、甲殻類、棘皮動物、脊椎動物の表現型と集団遺伝学の研究の果たす役割を議論する。
- 7-4. 生物多様性と生態系サービスの評価
海洋生態系は漁業、気候変動および他の人為的影響に大きく影響される。国連ミレニアム生態系評価が報告したように、漁獲物の平均栄養段階は低下し、より水深の深いところで漁獲される傾向がある。また、大型上位捕食魚の資源量は激減した証拠がある。しかし、これらの人為的影響が食物網構造や生態系機能に与える影響は未だ不明確である。我々は栄養段階カスケードのさらなる知見、生物多様性が生態系サービスに及ぼす影響、特に海山への底引き網漁業の影響などを知る必要がある。
- 7-5. 生態系と生息地の評価と管理
漁業管理の多くは未だに漁獲対象魚種に関する単一種資源管理である。しかし、生態系アプローチの必要性は漁業においても広く認知されつつある。生態系ベースの漁業管理やサンゴ礁、海草藻場、河口域など海洋保護区の生息地管理において、明文化された管理計画と実際の漁業実態の相違、無責任漁業への監視にも注意すべきである。また、漁業者の共同管理についてもこのサブセッションで扱う。
- 7-6 内水面水産業−その隠れた危機
本セッションでは、内水面水産業において移入種を対象にした遊漁、収量重視の水産業、持続性のない養殖業などが生態系を著しく改変していることに焦点をあて、その現状と問題点、今後とるべき方策について討議する。
- 7-7 ウナギの生態とその持続的資源管理
ワシントン条約締結国会議の議論から、EU国内でヨーロッパウナギの資源管理が強化され、海外への輸出が規制されようとしている。ニホンウナギの持続的利用を考える上でも、資源管理の議論は避けて通れないことは明らかでいる。このサブセッションでは、ウナギを取り巻く世界的な状況の理解、ウナギの生態の種間比較を行う一方、それらのデータに基づいた有効的な資源管理のあり方を模索する。
- 7-8. メカジキ及びカジキ類の資源構造と生息場の大洋間比較に基づく検討
北太平洋のメカジキ及びかじき類資源には資源の構造、境界及び混合割合に不確実な点がある。最近の研究は北太平洋と南太平洋のメカジキ資源は東部太平洋の熱帯域で混合が起きている可能性を示唆している。資源構造と境界線は北太平洋メカジキの資源評価において重要な入力要素となる。本サブセッションの主目的は、北太平洋メカジキの資源評価に適用するために、非遺伝学的手法（例えば標識放流）を含む方法で資源構造を見極めるとともに、資源構造の妥当な科学的シナリオを開発することである。また、他の大洋におけるかじき類資源の境界、移動及び混合に関する理解を促進するための遺伝学的及び非遺伝学的手法についても他の大洋の資源に関して経験のある研究者を交えて再検討と論議を行う。
Related subsessions of other sessions
- S1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation
- S1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations
- S1-7. Fisheries by-catch
- S1-8. Seamount fisheries
- S5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general) 生態系と漁業（一般）
- S8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 資源管理とミレニアム生態系評価
- S8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs) and spatial management